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Marxism, that's the far left political movement that spawned after his observations and reactions to the unfair distribution of wealth and power in Europe (particularly Germany). From Marxism came Communism, Socialism and many other liberal movements that favour 'greater equality' and community based support for the average joe (working class or in Marxist terms the 'Proletariat')
There's a LOT more to it than that, but that's the basic 'nutshell' overview.
Marx essentially revolutionised the way society was ran, by introducing a polar opposite to the traditionalist right wing attitudes of the Western World.
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